The earliest cats in human settlements in China were not domestic cats (Felis catus), but native leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis).
To trace when and how domestic cats arrived in East Asia, we analyzed
22 feline bones from 14 sites across China spanning 5,000 years. Nuclear
and mitochondrial genomes revealed that leopard cats began occupying
anthropogenic scenes around 5,400 years ago and last appeared in 150 CE.
Following several centuries’ gap of archeological feline remains, the
first known domestic cat (706–883 CE) in China was identified in Shaanxi
during the Tang Dynasty. Genomic analysis suggested a white or
partially white coat and a link to a contemporaneous domestic cat from
Kazakhstan, indicating a likely dispersal route via the Silk Road. The
two felids once independently occupied ancient anthropogenic
environments in China but followed divergent paths and reached different
destinations in human-animal interactions.
Haruda, A., Ventresca Miller, A.R., Paijmans, J.L.A. et al. The earliest domestic cat on the Silk Road.
Sci Rep10, 11241 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67798-6
Abstract
We present the earliest evidence for domestic cat (Felis catus
L., 1758) from Kazakhstan, found as a well preserved skeleton with
extensive osteological pathologies dating to 775–940 cal CE from the
early medieval city of Dzhankent, Kazakhstan. This urban settlement was
located on the intersection of the northern Silk Road route which linked
the cities of Khorezm in the south to the trading settlements in the
Volga region to the north and was known in the tenth century CE as the
capital of the nomad Oghuz. The presence of this domestic cat, presented
here as an osteobiography using a combination of zooarchaeological,
genetic, and isotopic data, provides proxy evidence for a fundamental
shift in the nature of human-animal relationships within a previously
pastoral region. This illustrates the broader social, cultural, and
economic changes occurring within the context of rapid urbanisation
during the early medieval period along the Silk Road.